Literature on natural disasters and climate change

Literature on natural disasters and climate change Natural disasters and global climate change Introduction The research topic is natural disasters and global climate change. Changes in climate not only affect average temperatures, but also extreme temperatures, increasing the likelihood of weather-related natural disasters. If global climate change causes the global average temperature to rise, there will be less cold weather, and a greater probability of hot and record hot weather. An increase in temperature variability will extend the extremes of temperature, both cold and hot. It is a globalization problem happened in all over the world. The global climate change and natural disasters have impacts on natural resources and the environment. The following three articles will give a more detail understanding of the natural disasters and global climate change. Article One Article: Climate change and natural disasters – integrating science and practice to protect health Authors: Rainer Sauerborn and Kristie Ebi Search Engine: Library resource Search Terms: Climate change natural disasters Reference: Sauerborn, R., Ebi, K. (2012, December 17). Climate change and natural disasters: integrating science and practice to protect health. Glob Health Action, p. Vol 5 Objectives of the authors: this article focuses on the hydro-meteorological disasters, and takes the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a start point to explore on ‘Health and Health Systems Impact of Natural Disasters’. Based on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disaster to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) and developing research to answer questions: if there are some types of extreme events become more frequent, severe, and longer in the past decades; the relative contribution of climate change to the various types of extreme events; how can the health community coordinate and cooperate with the climate and development communities to protect health during and after natural disasters (Sauerborn Ebi, 2012). And examine, to which extent climate change increase their frequency and intensity. Methods Theory: Based on the IPCC report, and review of IPCC-projections of climate-change related extreme weather events and related literature on health effects. The authors present the result that climate change is likely to increase the frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial distribution of a range of extreme weather events in the next decades. Summary of the article: In the article, authors start by clarify ‘natural disaster’ and lay out the conceptual framework. Sauerborn and Ebi state that human activities influence the frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent of some extreme weather and climate events, only the geophysical disasters have not been influenced by human action (Sauerborn Ebi, 2012). Authors look into the contribution of climate change to hydro-meteorological and climatological disasters and the health impacts of these events, and explore the reduction of climate change on both shorter and longer time scale. Sauerborn and Ebi also found the impacts of similar strength events in different regions have different consequences (Sauerborn Ebi, 2012). After answer the three questions above, the authors made a conclusion that there is a need for strengthened collaboration between climate scientists, the health researchers and policy-makers as well as the disaster community to jointly develo p adaptation strategies to protect human. Overall reaction: This article has a clear focus on the contribution of climate change to hydro-meteorological disaster, and gives concise information by answer some key point questions. Based on many reliable resources to explore the special volume, explain with clear tables, make the theory easily understand. Article Two Article: Climate-related natural disasters, economic growth, and armed civil conflict Authors: Drago Bergholt and PÃ ¤ivi Lujala Search Engine: list of references Search Terms: climate-related natural disasters Reference: Bergholt D, Lujala P. (2012). Climate-related natural disasters, economic growth, and armed civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research. 49 (1), 147-162. Objectives of the authors: In this article, authors highlight the climate change may be the most serious challenge we need faced in the future and explore the consequences of climate-induced natural disasters on economic growth with the econometric methods, authors also study on the impact of these disasters related to the onset of armed civil on economic growth by analysis the climate-related disasters affect economic growth and armed civil conflicts during the period 1980–2007(Bergholt Lujala, 2012). Methods Theory: The article begins by showing some example of natural disasters had happened, and these impacts for people and countries development. And the authors also state ‘global warming is expected to lead to an increase in both the severity and the frequency of climate-related disasters’ (Bergholt Lujala, 2012). The authors discuss the effect of climate-related disasters at the economic aspect with recent research. Then the authors present their hypotheses-‘H1: Climate-related disasters have a negative effect on economic growth; H2: negative income growth shocks caused by climate-related disasters increase the likelihood of armed civil conflict onset’ (Bergholt Lujala, 2012). Using Econometric methods with data help analysis the hypotheses, and with consideration on the variables, such as economic growth and armed civil conflict, only use the data during the period 1980-2007. The authors assess the results and found that ‘climate-related natura l disasters have a negative effect on growth and that the impact is considerable’ (Bergholt Lujala, 2012). This has two important implications: ‘if climate change increases the frequency or makes weather-related natural disasters more severe, it is an economic concern for countries susceptible to these types of hazards’ (Bergholt Lujala, 2012). Summary of the article: The article looks at climate change and natural disaster from the economic perspective, the main objective of this study is to investigate social impacts caused by different climate-related natural disasters. Discover the effects of hydro meteorological, climatological and geophysical events on economic growth in the short run. Article provides quantitative evidence of a negative causal effect on short-run economic growth form the number of people affected by climatic disasters. And prove the climate-related disasters change important factors for production and income, and reduce overall economic performance. Moreover, different from the studies of Collier Hoeffler (2004) and Miguel, Satyanath Sergenti (2004), authors found when the economic growth impact by the climatic factors, it does not systematically relate to armed civil conflict onset. Overallreaction: This article provides many data about the climate disasters and economic growth, and proves the climate-related disasters impact for the economic performance. However, after all the data collected, there is no evidence to prove the climate-related disasters lead to more armed conflicts. Article Three Chapter: Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction: Key challenges and ways forward Book: Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Asian Perspective Editors: Juan M. Pulhin, Rajib Shaw and Joy Jacqueline Pereira Search Engine: database Search Terms: Climate change global natural disasters Reference: http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.lincoln.ac.nz/lib/lincoln/docDetail.action?docID=10445342 Objectives of the authors: This book introduces the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in an Asian perspective. It focuses on community-based risk management, urban environmental management, human security, water community, risk communication, climate change adaptation, climate disaster resilience and community-based practices. The book connects academic research to the real examples, strengthen the relations between the environment, disaster and the community. It also provides specific guides to the demanding academic analysis with community practices and evidences. This chapter focuses on the key challenges and ways forward of the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Methods Theory: This chapter claims that ‘Climate change is one of the major challenges confronting human society in the 21st century’ (Ericksen O’Brein, 2007; Adger, Lorenzoni, O’Brien, 2009). And with mounting evidence, without effective address, he regions sustainable development and poverty-reduction efforts would be seriously frustrate by climate change. Summary of the chapter: Climate change is one of the major challenges confronting human society in the 21st century (Ericksen O’Brein, 2007; Adger, Lorenzoni, O’Brien, 2009). Due to the climate change, many parts of Asia have been through serious natural disasters. It is also alter water shortages in many areas, which block the agricultural production, and threatening food security and energy supply from hydroelectric source. A number of issues and challenges have been identified and categorized into three general types: 1) differences in functional, spatial, and temporal scale; 2) mismatched regarding norms such as legislative, cultural, and behavioral norms; 3) knowledge mismatches. There are eight major strategies included to address the different issues and challenges: 1) integration of CCA and DRR concerns at various levels from national to local; 2) strong governance system at different levels; 3) improve information system and knowledge management; 4) apply int egrated assessment methods and tools; 5) ensure natural resources sustainability and resource rights; 6) build local resilience and reduce vulnerability; 7) advance innovative education and research and development initiatives; 8) secure adequate funding support. Overallreaction:authors analysis the key challenges and ways forward in the Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction. Explain and example every single point, detail but not intricacies. Conclusion Climate change is happening, it is one of the biggest challenges to development. The human actives influence the climate change, the climate change causes natural disasters. The most common one is global warming, people always link climate change with global warming, however, global warming is not the only consequence of the climate change. From the selected articles, we can find that climate change will also increase the frequency of extreme weather events occur. From the long-term trend, it will have a local climate change in each region. Indeed, many of the world’s extreme weather happened in these years, some astronomy, as well as El Nino, ocean circulation weather these have occurred. There are also many events in New Zealand, like the strong breeze, heavy snowfall. For the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, we should prepare the most fundamental preparation, reduce the damage made by human activities. Moreover, when there are some special natural disa ster that cannot reduce or block by human behavior, we need to understand how to response the emergency.

AIDS/HIV Related Stigma :: AIDS Essays

Introduction Since the appearance of AIDS in the late seventies and early eighties, the disease has had attached to it a significant social stigma. This stigma has manifested itself in the form of discrimination, avoidance and fear of people living with AIDS (PLWAs). As a result, the social implications of the disease has been extended from those of other life threatening conditions to the point at which PLWAs are not only faced with a terminal illness but also social isolation and constant discrimination throughout society. Various explanations have been suggested as to the underlying causes of this stigmatization. Many studies point to the relationship the disease has with deviant behaviour. Others suggest that fear of contagion is the actual culprit. Examining the existing literature and putting it into societal context leads one to believe that there is no one cause. Instead, there would appear to be a collection of associated factors that influence society’s attit udes towards AIDS and PLWAs. As the number of people infected with HIV increases, social workers are and will be increasingly called upon to deal with and serve PWAs. Although not all social workers chose to work with PLWAs, the escalating incidence of HIV infection is creating a situation in which seropositive people are and will be showing up more often in almost all areas of social work practice. This paper aims to examine AIDS related stigma and the stigmatization process, hopefully providing insights into countering the effects of stigma and perhaps the possibility of destigmatization. This is of particular pertinence to the field of social work due to our growing involvement with the HIV positive population. Association to Deviant/Marginal Behavior One of the most clearly and often identified causes of AIDS related stigma is its association to deviant behaviour. The disease has had and still does have a strong association for many to homosexuality, IV drug use, sexual promiscu ity and other liberations of sexual practice (O’Hare, et al., 1996; Canadian Associacion of Social Workers, 1990; Quam, 1990 & Beauger, 1989). An especially strong association exists between homosexuality and AIDS. This is largely due to the fact that, in the early years of the disease, it was far more prevalent within the gay community and almost non-existent outside of it. In fact, until 1982 the disease was referred to as GRID or Gay Related Immune Deficiency. Even today, AIDS is often referred to as â€Å"the gay plague† (Giblin, 1995).

The Power of Eye Contact

Eye contact and eye expressions are arguably one of the strongest and most intimate forms of non-verbal communication through reading a person’s body language during face-to-face interaction. Eye contact can make or break a job interview or presentation, romantic dates, casual conversations and many other situations. It can show whether a person is feeling sad, happy, confident, excited or scared and so on.Experts say it is unclear whether it is a person’s eyeballs directly portraying the look of certain emotions or if it is the muscles surrounding the eyeball that creates the expression. â€Å"When we make eye contact with another person, we are in some sense giving that person keys to our emotional world† (Ellsberg 6). Research explains that the most distinct expression is the glistening expression of rage in a person’s eyes. It can cause the eyes to become bright, bloodshot and even protruding from the sockets, which Darwin calls an example of serviceab le expression (Ellsberg 15).Serviceable expression is one of the types of principles that Charles Darwin believes is the majority of human body language, the other one being the principle of anti-thesis, which he wrote about in his book The Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872. Serviceable expression is natural instinct like reaction that the eyes make to a certain situation. For example, if it is bright or someone is having trouble seeing something, they will squint or if a person is surprised their eyes will widen, making their emotions obvious to others.The other principle is the principle of antithesis which is described by the â€Å"shrug†. This principle is done voluntarily and used to express opposing attitudes. In chapter one of The Power of Eye Contact by Michael Ellsberg, the author explain how many of his friends had a deep, emotional and almost very personal hatred against Bill Clinton, even though they had all never met him. At an event one night, s ome of these friends ended up face-to-face with Clinton and their views of him changed immediately all because of his powerful eye contact.Many say that Bill Clinton not only seduces woman, but everyone he makes eye contact with. He starts off with a handshake and looks deep into the eyes of that person, and when moving on to the next person, he looks back at the previous person â€Å"sealing the deal†. His eye contact is so powerful it can make whoever he is speaking to make them feel as if they are the only two in a room full of people. He can make a person feel that they are almost special to him. Many woman go home afterwards expecting a message r e-mail from Bill because they felt so connected after locking eyes in such a seductive manner. Eye contact is a natural occurrence, though, it is also a skill that can be learned to be improved on in just two weeks, illustrates chapter two. Many people have a fear of eye contact. My own personal experiences proves that some peop le out there are terrified of eye contact with strangers. A few months ago I had been getting work done on my car when the mechanic called me over to speak of some issues and that was when I realized he could not look me in the eyes.He looked everywhere else but at my eyes. When he did make the slightest eye contact with me he immediately looked in the opposite direction like it was an accident or he had did something wrong. It was so bad I could not even focus on what he was saying because I was so confused that maybe something was wrong with him or even the possibility that he might have been blind, that was how bad it was. People may be petrified by eye contact because it makes them feel vulnerable. If they make eye contact with a person then that person maybe be able to tell how they really feel.Some people just want to keep their feelings and emotions to themselves because of the possible risks of being laughed at or embarrassed. Second, others may be afraid of eye contact beca use they have social phobias or anxieties (Ellsberg 36). Psychologists have come up with steps for people to overcome their fear of eye contact. Step one consists of â€Å"eye gazing† with a friend or family member. It consists of sitting a foot or two in front of them and staring them in the eyes in intervals, helping eye contact become more comfortable for you.Next is to walk down a street and look strangers that pass in the eye just long enough to determine their eye color. If the person notices you making eye contact with them, when looking away do not look up or down, but either left or right. If you look down it is perceived as a look of shame or that you are portraying yourself to be a lesser to the other person and that they are better (Ellsberg 40). Step three requires you to hold longer periods of eye contact with strangers like waiters/waitresses or cashiers and clerks to practice making eye contact. Doing this can actually help you and others brighten up your day! Furthermore, the fourth step asks that you make substantial eye contact with family members, friends, co-workers or anyone else you may know. Showing the correct amount of eye contact during conversation shows that the person is actually paying attention to what is being said. Last but not least, take all the skills you have learned and apply them to making substantial eye contact with people you have just met. This can help you develop new experiences with people and a sense of trust with strangers just by making eye contact and reading their expressions.Eye contact is very important when it comes to determining and establishing relationships either with friends or new acquaintances, but it becomes an even more crucial skill when it comes to business, specifically in sales as it is discussed in chapter 5. â€Å"Body language is 80 percent of sales† remarks Victor Cheng, a successful business coach who has been featured on Fox News, MSNBC and even in the Wall Street Journal ( Ellsberg 105). During a business meeting Cheng was excellent at getting answers because he could read the answers to his questions because everyones eye and facial expressions were so obvious.He could read easily whether Jena hated an idea or loved it because her eyes lit right up and posture completely changed. When people say the saying â€Å"I can see it, it’s written all over your face†, this is what they mean. Reading the person is like reading a book because their expressions are so clear. Cheng further explains that eye contact in business helps you understand if the client is trusting and listening to you on the advice or input that’s being given. If eye contact is not made it may be assumed that something may be wrong with the person or that there might be some issues.If a person is trying to sell a product, even if they don’t like it or believe it in, if they act enthusiastic the customer may take that as it’s a good product and buy, thou gh it is hard to fake if its a bad product or service. On the other hand, true enthusiasm and belief in a product or service that is being sold will make it so much easier to sell compared to something that is not of good quality. People can see the difference in the salesperson’s expressions and help complete making the overall sale. When selling something the salesperson also has to be aware of the customers expressions as well.If they are not happy and it is definitely obvious the sale won’t happen, the customer will show overt signs of disinterest such as keeping their arms folded or they are not making eye contact. When making eye contact with a customer you do not want too little eye contact but not too much eye contact. The perfect amount is intermittent. Also, to fully be paying attention, you need to be listening in addition to the eye contact. In a job interview, the person being interviewed is like the product being sold.Good eye contact and expressions must be portrayed along with true interest in the person to be sold. Seeing expressions of confidence, comfort and trust are some of the greatest expressions in a job interview and workplace situation. Chapter 6, How to Wow a Crowd with Eye Contact discusses eye contact in public speaking and presentations. Toastmasters is an organization devoted to helping people learn to perfect public speaking, presentations and communication skills and consists of 250,000 members and 11,000 chapters all throughout the world (Ellsberg 131).Toastmaster holds the Toastmasters World Champion of Public Speaking yearly where there are many competitions and tests that weeds out the weakest to come to one final winner at the end. For some people, I know myself as well, something like Toastmaster is horrifying, having to perfect public speaking in front of large crowds purely for gruesome competition. Many previous champions stress how eye contact is an extremely important aspect of the competition and a key to becoming the best.The secret to creating the best first impression on the audience through eye contact is when the speaker comes on stage, to stand there for a bit and not begin speaking right away. The speaker gives the audience a chance to get a feel for his or her self and look them in the eyes to make each person there feel that they are â€Å"one† with the speaker when direct eye contact is made. This is called â€Å"relational presence†. It allows the audience to judge and connect with the speaker personally. When you begin to speak, share with the audience how you feel. If you are horribly sick, let them know.They will feel closer with you and understand if your speech isn’t the greatest while having even more respect in the end. If feeling overwhelmed in front of a large crown, Author and Speaker Lee Glickstein recommends breaking down the crowd into smaller groups mentally. This was something he decided to do out of fear and then later learned that many skilled speakers use this technique as well. Furthermore, nowadays many people use multimedia tactics to give presentations such as powerpoint presentations. It is a common habit to read straight off the lides which tends to put the audience to sleep, which is the biggest mistake when it comes to visual presentations. To counteract this problem try using eye contact to keep the audience awake by constantly choosing on people rather than just reading. After learning many different techniques and skills to creating strong and powerful eye contact and avoiding finding fear in those situations, it is not even the lessons we learned that really matter, it is inside you that matters. Making eye contact with people lets them see inside you, read you, and understand your emotions.As hard as someone tries, hiding emotions through their facial and eye expressions is nearly impossible. If a person is sad or uncomfortable with themselves, then they will not feel comfortable creating eye co ntact and allowing other people in to understand if they cannot understand themselves. A person must be comfortable and confident with themselves to create the distinct power in the glares that melts people like Bill Clinton has the capability to do. With a look deep into the eyes of Clinton can seduce even men, who had absolute hatred for him beforehand.One ten second glance and a handshake from Clinton emits enough charisma and strength to change a person’s view on someone they have previously strongly disliked. To have the upmost confidence to give a speech or presentation with strong eye contact, whether being close friends, co-workers or even family, it is most important to have practiced and be comfortable with yourself first. It takes belief and trust in yourself to use the skills and techniques to their maximum. Reference: Ellsberg, Michael. The Power of Eye Contact. New York: HarperCollins. 2010. Print.

`` A Chain Of Events Linked By Cause And Effect - 1153 Words

A narrative in film is â€Å"a chain of events linked by cause and effect and occurring in time and space† to tell a story (Bordwell/Thompson). Characters are typically the vessels which, through personality traits and drives, facilitate action and reaction. In Some Like It Hot, the main characters’ scheming nature puts their lives in danger, forcing them on an adventure to escape. Time and space is used as a vessel to push the narrative and create metaphors, commenting on gender roles and the limitations of accepted sexuality. Therefor, the characters in the film drives causes and their effects, helping to illustrate metaphors created through the use of time and space. The main characters’ dynamic personalities drive the development of the plot. Joe’s charming, but essentially scheming and manipulative nature allows him to convince a girl he is flirting with to let him borrow her car. This leads him and Jerry to being witnesses of the Valentine’s Day Massacre when they go to pick up the car, sending them on their adventure of escape. Jerry’s imagination and Joe’s calculative ways gave them the idea to disguise as women in the first place. Sugar Kane’s archetypal domesticated, dependent, and flirtatious feminine essence attracts both Joe and Jerry but Joe is so entranced by her, he creates yet another disguise as a weal thy millionaire to please her superficial values and seduce her. Joe is also able to command Jerry’s easily dominated and childlike-decision making character toShow MoreRelatedPm 595 Part 1 Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pageswould need to be aware of many other risks in order to prevent them from becoming events. Anytime an event occurs, it requires resources to be realigned in order to fix the problem and get the project back on track. This results in a slip in the schedule and unnecessary funds being expended. If I am able to appropriately determine potential risks and build an effective Risk Management Plan, I can minimize the effect the risk could have on a project. The Risk Management Plan is a documentRead MoreEvolution Is The Gradual Change Of Genotype And Phenotype Of Organisms1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbasic kind of mutations that occur are DNA base substitutions. These can take the form of point mutations where a single base is altered. This could result in a change of amino acid in the polypeptide chain, which may alter the protein product. Frameshift mutations are somewhat more severe. These often cause the protein produced to be truncated or non-functional and are therefore deleterious mutations. Some mutations are actually advantageous. This can be described in terms of an adaptive landscape, whereRead MoreHepatitis A Is A Viral Disease1178 Words   |  5 PagesHepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness (WHO, 2016). It is often linked to contaminated water or food. The illness is accompanied with some or all the following symptoms: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, dark urine , diarrhea, and yellow skin and eyes (HNN, 2016). There is currently no specific treatment for Hepatitis A due to its viral nature, however, prevention by use of vaccines is highly encouraged for higher risk areas and communitiesRead More`` Oh, I See : The Birds And The Culmination Of Hitchcock s Hyper Romantic Vision1137 Words   |  5 Pagescareful with diction and tends to focus more on characterization to tell their stories. McCombe agrees with the notion that Hitchcock would be seen as a poet rather than a novelist, but he goes further to state that his poetic ties would be closely linked to literary Romanticism. McCombe’s objective is to connect The Birds to Samuel Coleridge and William Wordsworth poetry. Coleridge and Woodworth are known for their unique styles in British Romanticism. Coleridge and Woodworth are two great pioneersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Peppermint Candy809 Words   |  4 PagesSopyonje, the narrative structure is linear, which the cause leads to the effect. Peppermint Candy narrators the personal narrative of Youngho by a series of episodic event. The episodic events are a chain of events that are linked through repetition of motifs, which is the scene of railway. The episodic events that follow are in reserves chronological order that highlights the personal narrative of Youngho and the national history. These episodic events are within a twenty-year time frame; hence the filmRead More The tragical history of Doctor Faustus Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesmagnitude; The beginning, called by modern critics the incentive moment, must start the cause-and-effect chain but not be dependent on anything outside the compass of the play meaning that its causes are downplayed but its effects are stressed. The middle, or climax, must be caused by earlier incidents and itself cause the incidents that follow it. The end, or resolution, must be caused by the preceding events but not lead to other incidents outside the compass of the play; the end should thereforeRead MoreFree Will Compatible With Determinism Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesability to choose what we please or do our actions come forth from the past events? In this case, compatibilist would question both but accept them at the same time. This paper will present both sides for and against free will and also argue how determinism is compatible with freedom. For those that do not know, compatibilists agree that determinism is true in which it implies that every choice is linked to past events in the world. Compatibilists believe that our future is controlled by our pastRead MoreThe Human Body Transports Oxygen And Nutrients Throughout The Body Using The Vascular1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe human body transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body using the vascular system1. When a person acquires an injury that causes him/her to bleed, the body has a natural defense to repair it1; this is the basis of hemostasis, the formation and/or dissolution of blood clots2. Localizing and amplifying coagulation proteases and their subsequent cofactor complexes maintain hemostasis3. The inhibition and/or modification of these same coagulation proteases throughout the rest of the body,Read MorePrior to the treatment of the ribosome, the P sites would function as the binding force holding the800 Words   |  4 Pagesbinding force holding the growing polypeptide chain of the amino acid to the peptidyl site. This is in correlation to the process of translation, in which the RNA is translated into a polypeptide chain with the aid of Ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. To begin the process prior to treatment, first the initiation process starts through tRNA and methionine serving as catalyst to form a complete ribosome in an empty A-site. The RNA’s from the A site are linked to the P site which allows the appropriateRead MoreGulf Oil Crisis Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesflowing. The Gulf was virtually covered in crude oil. There were many effects from this spill and many of them were environmental. Animals had to swim through this oil and birds that landed in it were no longer able to fly because of the heavy oil on their wings. At least a thousand birds died and hundreds of other animal also perished. The oil washed up onto beaches and caused them to close to the public. Some of the effects were even felt by humans that were exposed to the oil. It even put a

In Steve Chapman’S Article “Are Blacks To Blame For Cops

In Steve Chapman’s article â€Å"Are Blacks to Blame for Cops Actions?† the author addresses the most important controversial problem we had for centuries. Does racial profiling exists? If so, what is the problem with it? Many say that law enforcement are only targeting the minority, to be specific mainly African Americans. This is because they are the only ones to blame and that if they were not committing so much crime, they wouldn t get so much attention from police(502). The author points out that blaming the black community for violent crime by blacks we fail to notice the truth of today’s real crime. I strongly believe with the author, we fail to notice the real crimes that are society has. Are we so distracted by what the media†¦show more content†¦If we really want a solution in the issue of cops killing blacks, we can not ignored black on black crime. Obviously, cops killing unarmed black men has gotten our society s attention, but we can not ig nore the fact it is because of black violence. Blacks killing each other has not stop, and they take fifteen percent of homicides in this country. One thing to considered, or an alternative for this issue is effective policing and how are leaders within our communities can do in reducing crime. We need more organizations like NAACP, that give solutions by focusing on education and jobs to minorities. By all means this solutions can be more effective and we can decrease the among of crime in black communities. Also by been part of a solution we can see less confrontations among cops and African Americans. We can not blame white cops for doing their jobs, when they are saving, protecting, and serving the community by preventing crimes. But we can not justified their actions either, nor African American when they are committing crimes. In the other hand, and I speak from my own personal observation I do not believe all African Americans are criminals. We have criminals from all backgro unds that commit crimes, and it s not an issue of race but of crime. When I say crime let me refer that more specifically according to the FBI African Americans committed almost 54 percent of all murders in the United States. What we do not know is that African

Functionalist View Of The School As Secondary...

Another functionalist view is that of Talcott Parsons, who focuses on the function of the school as being secondary socialisation and acts as a bridge between the family and wider society. In the family we gain ascribed status and are judged on particularistic terms, this means that we are seen as a particular person, i.e. son/daughter, and as such receive specific treatment. When we move into wider society we are judged in terms of our achieved status, that which we have gained through our own merits, and are treated with universalistic values. Schools help to bridge the wide gap between the two by providing a system whereby we move from particularistic values, say in primary schools, to universalistic values in later education. The principle of achieved status is taught through exams performance and universalistic values through school rules that apply to all. Parsons believes that schools and society are meritocratic, and as such all are treated equally and everybody has the same opportunities to succeed. Through this, schools instil the value of achievement and the value of equality of opportunity. The value of achievement is taught through rewards for doing well in exams and schoolwork and encourages children to strive to do their best. Parsons argues that as we live in a stratified society, it is important to instil this value to ensure that the most able people are motivated to fill the most important positions. Therefore, through education, role allocation canShow MoreRelatedUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere Assess the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding of the Role of Education.1422 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism is based on the view that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus (agreement) amongst individuals as to what values or norms are important in society. Therefore they take a positive view of the education system. As item A suggests they see it as a form of secondary socialism essential to maintaining society i.e. the values and norms transmitted by social institutions and groups whi ch build upon those learnt in the family (primary socialism)Read MoreHow Teacher s Expectations Play An Important Role On The Pupil s Educational Career1493 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is considered one factor of socialisation. It involves the acquisition of knowledge and the learning skills(Haralambos, 2004). From functionalist and Marxist macro-sociological perspectives education is a second agency of socialisation. Functionalist perspective was the dominant approach until the 1960s. This consensus theory argued that education helps to transmit society s norms and values. It promotes a meritocratic society by allocating people on their appropriate jobs. However, MarxistRead More Durkheim and Parsons Views on Functionalist Perspective of Education1080 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will discuss the Functionalists views of education by describing and evaluating Durkheim and Parsons Views. It will then go on to discuss the alternative to Functionalists perspectives by discussi ng Marxist and Liberalists views of the role of education. Durkheim believes that education passes on the norms and values, this integrates individuals into society, the norms and values are then extended into later life and without this it would cause chaos because people would do what they wantedRead More Functionalist and Marxist Approaches to Education and Economy1821 Words   |  8 PagesFunctionalist and Marxist Approaches to Education and Economy Functionalist and Marxist perspectives differ considerably in the way they view the relationship between education and the economy. Both perspectives agree that the educational system provides society with certain functions, but they disagree about the purpose of these functions and more importantly who benefits from them. Functionalists see the educational system as providing a positive educational experienceRead MoreTheories of Education2587 Words   |  11 Pages------------------------------------------------- Compare and contrast Functionalist and Marxist theories of Education in Society. The role of education in society has an important effect on society by way of transmitting cultural values and contributing to the social stratification or class system. Functionalists also referred to as consensus theorists believe education helps stability and functioning of society, whereas conflict theorists namely the Marxists see education as justifying andRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesteaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Published in 2010 by: Nelson Thornes Distance Learning Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom 10 11 12 13 14 15 / 10 9

Second Amendment Essay Example For Students

Second Amendment Essay The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of Americaasserts, A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a freestate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.At the time when this amendment was passed, the country was still primarily anagrarian and hunting society, guns were a household item, and necessary fordaily life. The armed farmer was the principal soldier in the revolution toestablish an independent country. The framers of the Constitution understoodthat these gun-wielding countrymen were essential to the revolution, and wantedto insure the people would never be defenseless. In recent decades, with thewaning practical application of guns in an industrialized nation, the SecondAmendment has come under much fire. Living in a technologically advancedcountry, United States citizens no longer have a need for guns in their everydaylives and, therefore, many Americans have grown up in gun-less homes. The recentrash of violence across the country has shown that the ideals of modern Americansociety have gone awry. Many are quick to blame guns as the reason for thisviolence. Actually, the problem is not the possession of guns; Americans havehad them for over 200 years. Instead, the demise of the morals of society andthe lack of restraint of the American public have caused the recent violenttrend. Guns are merely a tool. In the hands of immoral and undisciplined people,they are put to evil purposes. The problem lies in the fact that the amendmentwas created to deal with the muzzle-loaders of the time, and now guns haveevolved into killing machines, not just hunting rifles. These new guns however,are no more capable of killing without a man controlling them; guns have beenprevalent for literally hundreds of years without being used as weapons forhumans against humans, except in times of war. Guns have been in American homessince 1776, and they were not associated with violence until recently. Thecurre nt trend of school and workplace violence is due to the desensitization ofthe American people through television, movies and even music. Movie andtelevision producers are businessmen, and they produce what sells, that usuallybeing violence. With the American public watching such films, and loving them,the influence on everyday life cannot be ignored. Statistical facts from othercountries show the USA to be much more violent than most other industrializedcountries. Last year, Paris suffered less than 25% of the violence that occurredin Washington DC, and Paris is four times as large. The classic society that ispresent in Europe does not have the same fetish with violence as is present inAmerica. Progressive generations in the American society are in essenceregressing; the terms Generation X and the Me Generation have been coined andconvey the selfishness that is evident in modern society. The Columbine HighSchool violence spree is simply one of the recent acts of violence, but itillu strates how the countrys troubled youth are reacting to theirsurroundings. People are taking a more violent approach to try to solve problemsthan ever before, and that is certainly not solving anything. The recentincrease in job related violence can be blamed on the increased stress anddesensitization of the average worker. This new approach to workplace problemsis very evident, recently in Hawaii and is so common that the term goingpostal has been created to describe workplace shootings. In the early yearsof our country, and in most places around the world at a boss or a layoff mighthave been expressed through yelling or at worst, throwing a chair. Thedesensitization of the American worker has caused him to take a differentapproach in very recent times, the approach of violence expressed with the abuseof guns. The issue of gun control is historically split between the two majorpolitical parties in the US The Democrats have always pushed for stricter gunlaws, and the Republicans hav e always been for lenient laws. Heavy campaigncontributions are made to both parties in hope to push certain groups viewswith The National Rifle Association leading the way with large contributions tothe Republican Party. Regardless of party, most politicians agree that somethingmust be altered in the present equilibrium, because violence is almost becomingroutine. The Second Amendment was intended for the purpose of reminding thesepoliticians that they are there to serve the people, and no other reason. .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .postImageUrl , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:hover , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:visited , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:active { border:0!important; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:active , .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40 .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3380433bdbd635a4607f706f9d615d40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catastrophes that Plagued the Characters in Romeo Essay Although elections are usually enough incentive for politicians to please thepeople, they need to know that the people can revolt, and the Constitution isnot the last ruling document that this country will ever see. The brilliance inthe Constitution is that the Framers allowed for changes in society and changesin government. They knew that they could not map the fate of the country in afew months. Today, the Second Amendment is outdated, and not currentlyeffective. It is, however, part of the Constitution and that will not change inany time near. Since the Framers of the Constitution could never envision whatwould become of guns or the violence that would occur in the US, they cannot beblamed. The amendment was never a problem for the first 200 years of ourexistence, and that points to a problem in modern society, not the Constitution. Before something that has been around for centuries is changed, maybe what haschanged in recent decades should be examined. Modern American society is basedon instant gratification and what people absorb from their surroundings. Unfortunately, these surroundings are not always the best influences. Movies,television and music are filled with violence, drugs and sex. If societysurrounds itself with such activities, the influences will be widespread. Inconclusion, the focus of violence and violent behavior is often directed at gunsand the availability of handguns. Instead, the focus should be turned on societyand the changing morals and actions that have caused something that has alwaysbeen present in our society, guns, to become a problem in recent times. Althoughmore efficient, guns today serve the same purpose as always, and in no othertime period or any other modern country has the problem with gun violence thatthe United States has. Maybe society should change instead of changing adocument that has been steadfast for over 200 years.